Actual Freedom – Definitions

Definitions

Socialise; Social Constructionism; Sociobiologists; Socius; Soi-Disant

Soliloquy; Someone Uniquely Recognisable By Her Inglish

Somatic; Sooth; Sophisma; Sophisticated (Antonyms); Sound Wave

Spermatozoa; Spiel; Spontaneous; Sri/ Nath; Statism; Straw-man

Streetful; Sterling; Stuff Up; Sublimation; Superbia; Supposititious; Substantivise


Socialise:

socialise (tr.v.; socialised, socialising): to make social {viz.: social = friendly or sociable; agreeable in company; companionable}; make fit for life in companionship with others; (n.): socialisation. [1820-30]. [curly-bracketed insert added] ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).


Social Construstionism:

“Social Constructionism or the Social Construction of Reality (also Social Concept) is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory (...elided...). Social Constructionism became prominent in the U.S. with Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s *1966* book, ‘The Social Construction of Reality’. (...elided...). In the book ‘The Reality of Social Construction’, the British sociologist Dave Elder-Vass places the development of Social Constructionism as one outcome of the legacy of Postmodernism. He writes “Perhaps the most widespread and influential product of this process [coming to terms with the legacy of Postmodernism] is Social Constructionism, which has been booming [within the domain of social theory] since the *1980s*...“. [emphases added]. ~ (Social Constructionism; History and Development; Wikipedia).

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism#History_and_development].


Sociobiologists, so-named in 1975

• The term ‘sociobiology’ was coined by Edward Osborne Wilson in 1975 with the publication of his famous book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Sociobiology attempts to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors such as altruism, aggression, and nurturance. Wilson’s book sparked one of the greatest scientific controversies of the 20th century. (www.wordiq.com/definition/Sociobiology).


Socius

• [Holy Lord]: “I realise that ‘I’ as social identity want to still run the show. The universe, the body – these are things that are quite alien to me, so I want to take the reins and be the micro-manager. The infinite, formless, genderless, shapeless universe that I am part of is too weird! It is safer this way. The *socius* is my buffer – a nice little cushion which I can use to shield myself from raw actuality”. [emphasis added]. ~ ((Vineeto’s Correspondence with Man from Sydney (Slack); January 01, 2019).

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• socius (n.; pl. socii): 1. (archaic): an associate; a member or fellow, as of a sodality, an academy, or an institution of learning; 2. the individual, in his social qualities and relations, as the unit of society, in distinction from the individual as an animal or as a mind. (Franklin Henry Giddings, “Elements of Sociology; A Text-Book for Colleges and Schools”, 1898, p. 10); 3. (in social psychology): the social self; see the extract; [e.g.]: “The development of the child’s personality could not go on at all without the constant modification of his sense of himself by suggestions from others. ... He thinks of the other, the alter, as his socius; just as he thinks of himself as the other’s socius; and the only thing which remains more or less stable, throughout the whole growth, is the fact that there is a growing sense of self which includes both terms, the ego and the alter. In short, the real self is the bipolar self, the social self, the socius”. (James Mark Baldwin, “Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development: A Study in Social Psychology”, 1897, p. 30); socius criminis (in law): an accomplice or associate in the commission of a crime. [New Latin from Latin socius, ‘a companion’, ‘an associate’, ‘a sharer’, ‘a partner’ (see social); criminis, genitive of crimen, ‘fault’, ‘offense’; see crime]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• socius (n.; pl. socii): 1. a unit in social relationships consisting of an individual; 2. associate, colleague; [e.g.]: “...was procurator and socius to the vice-provincial”. (R. J. Purcell); specifically (capitalised): the divine friend and companion of man. [etymology: Latin socius]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

Random Literary Samples.

• “Traditional philosophy relied overwhelmingly on the operation of transcendental principles which were required to make claims possible, as well as moral aesthetic judgements. There are also transcendental principles, perhaps less widely acknowledged than the ones that underlie traditional philosophy, which subtend the constitution of the social order. These principles are embodied in what Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari call the ‘socius’. The well-known philosophical counter-tradition inaugurated by Friedrich Nietzsche, and continued by Martin Heidegger, undertook a dismantling of the transcendental basis of traditional philosophy, and the work of Deleuze is to be located in this tradition. For Deleuze, as for Nietzsche, an entire tradition extends from Plato {i.e., Mr. Aristocles, son of Ariston} to Immanuel Kant, in which it is declared that the yardstick of knowledge is verisimilitude. (...elided...). Coding or ‘inscription’ are central to the constitution of the socius, and Deleuze and Guattari respond to the crucial question of the surface on which inscription takes place by invoking the notion of the earth. The earth precedes the constitution of the socius, and is the primordial unity or ground of desire and production. As such the earth is the precondition of production while also being the object of desire. The first form of the socius has therefore to involve a territorialisation, undertaken by a ‘territorial machine’, which parcels out the earth into segments of social meaning. Once territorialisation has occurred, it becomes possible for social machines (the core of the socius) to operate. Social machines have humans as their parts and are essential to the generation of cultural forms, these forms being needed to link humans to their (technical) machines. Social machines organise flows of power and desire by coding them. There are all kinds of flows: different kinds of humans, vegetation, non-human animals, agricultural implements, flows which involve bodily functions and organs, and so on. Nothing escapes coding, and so nothing can escape the purview of the socius. If the socius is a megamachine, the fuel which drives this machine is desire, though desire is shaped and orchestrated by its insertion into this megamachine. In modern societies, the nature of this insertion of desire into the social megamachine has been significantly transformed...”. [curly-bracketed insert added]. ~ (pp. 258-259, ‘Socius’, by Kenneth Surin, in “Deleuze Dictionary Revised Edition”, by Adrian Parr; 13 Sept 2010, Edinburgh University Press).

• “The socius was the first again to break the silence, and he said to Father d’Aigrigny, with his usual cool impudence, ‘One of two things must be. Either your dear son means to render his donation absolutely valuable and irrevocable, or...’”. ~ (page 632, Chapter Twenty-One: ‘The Change’, Vol. 05, in the 1830 novel “The Wandering Jew: Complete in One Volume”, by Eugène Sue; 1909, A. L. Burt Company, Publishers, New York).

• “On the appointed day, the preacher with his ‘socius’ is taken to the Vatican in a pontifical carriage, and enters the throne-room; when notified by the master of ceremonies, he draws near the bussola, takes off his mantle, asks the pope’s blessing, and ascends the pulpit”. ~ (from “The Catholic Encyclopedia”, Vol. 12, by Philip II-Reuss (1840-1916); published 1913).

(left-clicking the yellow rectangles with the capital ‘U’ opens each in a new web page).


Soi-Disant:

soi-disant (adj.): self-styled; so-called. [French: soi, ‘oneself’ + disant, ‘saying’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).


Soliloquy:

soliloquy: an instance of talking to oneself .... (Oxford Dictionary).


Someone Uniquely Recognisable By Her Inglish:

Vis.:

Inglish=Indian English.

(Manglish=Malayalam English; Tanglish=Tamil English; Benglish=Bengali English; Tenglish=Telugu English; Singlish=Singapore English; Ingrish=Japanese English).

Vis.:

• [Richard]: [...] when the person belatedly identifying as [Sock Puppet ‘SA’] posted Message No. 10530, what would have otherwise been circumstantial evidence immediately caught my eye ... to wit: the quaint ‘I will like to’ phrasing (rather than the regular ‘I would like to’) in those ‘I want to be free and will like to set up a meeting’ words.

And that ‘I will like to’ phrasing is common to both of the Online ID’s/Internet Aliases you have asked me about in your above query. Vis.:

• [Sock Puppet ‘SA’]: ‘Okay, I want to be free and will like to set up a meeting (...)’. (Message No. 10530; Sat Dec 17, 2011 1:26 pm).

• [Sock Puppet ‘SA’]: ‘My name is S[**] A[**] and I live in India, currently, but I am of European origin. I will also like to meet up with you’. (Message No. 10548; Wed Dec 21, 2011 2:46 am).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘I will like to hear more about everyone’s experiences and progress in last few months (...)’. (Message No. 3627 [3637]; Sat Nov 22, 2008 4:26 pm).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘I have nothing to hide from any one around me, but i do like my privacy and will like to keep it that way.’ (Message No. 6184; Fri Jul 24, 2009 6:42 pm).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘I do not have any specific queries about the meeting, but will like to know as to what issues (...)’. (Message No. 8099 [8138]; Thu Dec 10, 2009 9:55 am).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘The name is pronounced any which way you will like to pronounce it’. (Message No. 8155; Sat Dec 12, 2009 11:34 am).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘(...) when i used the word conversation. yes, i will like to hear more about your observations’. (Message No. 8159; Sat Dec 12, 2009 8:14 pm).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘If you and Richard are going to meet, i will like to be the fly on the wall’. (Message No. 8816 [8817]; Mon Jan 18, 2010 6:57 am).

• [Respondent No. 6]: ‘(...) have also become free and will like to take time in sharing that information with people at large.’ (Message No. 9587; Thu Apr 1, 2010 5:08 pm).

Incidentally, during the computer-search for those above instances it became conclusively evident that nobody else had ever used that particular phrasing ... everybody else posting during that period (2008-2010) used the regular ‘I would like to’ phrasing. Richard to No. 24, 26 January 2012

And:

• [Richard]: How come [No. 2] has now taken it upon himself to speak in such a paternalistic manner on behalf of [quote] ‘the sharer itself’ [endquote] when she is, and quite evidently so, eminently capable of speaking for herself, in one or more of her many guises, both before and after he posted his above oratorical crowd-swaying harangue? Vis.:

#3627 From: [Respondent No. 6]
Date: Sat Nov 22, 2008 4:26 pm
I will like to hear more about everyone’s experiences [...].

#10530 From: [Respondent No. 6 (Sock Puppet ‘SA’)]
Date: Sat Dec 17, 2011 1:26 pm
Okay, I want to be free and will like to set up a meeting [...].

#10xxx From: [Respondent No. 6 (Sock Puppet ‘A’)]
Date: Sat Dec 24, 2011 9:31 pm
Please go through my message; I will like you to remove [...].

#10xxx From: [Respondent No. 6 (Sock Puppet ‘U’)]
Date: Thu Jan 19, 2012 4:08 am
I will like to see the real evidence that that the new cult [...].

#11xxx From: [Respondent No. 6 (Sock Puppet ‘W’)]
Date: Mon Feb 20, 2012 6:05 am
note to the presiding magistrate: Perhaps you will like to take [...].

#11xxx From: [Respondent No. 6 (Sock Puppet ‘B’)]
Date: Mon Feb 20, 2012 11:09 am
photos [...] for the ones who will like to be warned off the psychotic [...].

#11325 From: [Respondent No. 6 (Sock Puppet ‘H’)]
Date: Tue Feb 21, 2012 3:06 pm
G’day Richard, Would you divulge the affair between you and [...]. Richard to No. 24, 24 February 2012


Somatic

[Dictionary Definitions]:
• somatic (adj.): of or relating to the soma (=the body of an organism, esp. an animal, as distinct from the germ cells); of or relating to the human body as distinct from the mind. ~ (Collins Dictionary of Biology).

• somatic (adj.): affecting or characteristic of the body as opposed to the mind or spirit; [e.g.]: “for their somatic well-being”; “there were somatic symptoms”; “it was a somatic illness”; (synonyms); bodily, corporeal, physical (=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit); [e.g.]: “to do some bodily exercise”; “a long corporeal life”; “she was sloppy about everything but her physical appearance”; incarnate, corporate, corporal, embodied, bodied; (=possessing or existing in bodily form; [e.g.]: “it was an incarnate spirit”; “the word ‘corporate’ is an archaic term”; “what seemed corporal melted as breath into the wind”. (Shakespeare; Macbeth Act 1, Scene 3); “needed for embodied health”; “there was a bodied defect”. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).

• somatic (adj.): 1. of, relating to, or affecting the body, especially as distinguished from a body part, the mind, or the environment; corporeal or physical; 3. of or relating to a somatic cell or the somatoplasm; (adv.): somatically. [French somatique, from Greek sōmatikos , from sōma, sōmat-, ‘body’, from Greek sōma, ‘the body’].~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• somatic (adj.): 1. of or relating to the soma; [e.g.]: “those somatic cells”; 2. of or relating to the human body as distinct from the mind; [e.g.]: “it was a somatic disease”; (adv.): somatically; [C18: from Greek sōmatikos, ‘concerning the body’, from sōma, ‘the body’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• somatic (adj.): 1. of the body; bodily; physical; 2. of or pertaining to a somatic cell; (adv.): somatically. [1765-75; from Greek sōmatikós, from sōmat-, singular of sôma, ‘body’ + -ikos, -ic]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• soma (adj.): a term introduced by the German zoologist August Weismann (1834-1914) to designate the body of an organism, in contrast to the germ plasm, which is transmitted from generation to generation through the sex cells; he maintained the soma could not affect the characteristics of the germ plasm the differentiation of an organism into soma and germ plasm (the hereditary substance) proves it is impossible to inherit characteristics acquired as a result of environmental conditions during an organism’s development; the adjective ‘somatic’ is used to indicate physical phenomena as opposed to phenomena of a psychological nature. ~ (The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd Edition; 1970-1979).

• soma (n.; pl. somata or somas): 1. the entire body of an organism, exclusive of the germ cells; 2. see cell body (=the portion of a nerve cell containing the nucleus but not incorporating the dendrites or axon; also called soma); 3. the body of an individual as contrasted with the mind or psyche. [New Latin sōma, from Greek, ‘body’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).
 


Sooth

• sooth (n.): truth; reality; (adj.): 1. real; true; 2. soft; smooth; (adv.): soothly. [Middle English, from Old English sōth, ‘true’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).
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• sooth (n.): truth or reality (esp. in the phrase ‘in sooth’); (adj.): 1. true or real; 2. smooth; (adv.): soothly. [Old English sōth; related to Old Norse sathr, ‘true’, Old High German sand, Gothic sunja, ‘truth’, Latin sōns, ‘guilty’, sonticus, ‘critical’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).
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• sooth (n.; archaic): 1. truth, reality, or fact; (adj.): 2. true or real; 3. soothing, soft, or sweet; (adv.): soothly. [before 900; Middle English; Old English soth, derivative of sōth, ‘true’, cf. Old Saxon sōth, Old Norse sannr, sathr]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).
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• sooth (n.): sooth, ‘true’, ‘truth’, or ‘that which is’, is part of soothsayer; it is related to soothe, which once meant ‘assent to be true’; ‘say yes to’, or ‘to prove or show a fact to be true’. ~ (Farlex Trivia Dictionary).
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• sooth (n.): truth or reality; in sooth: in truth; (synonym): truthfulness (the quality of being truthful). ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).
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• sooth (n.): 1. (archaic or obsolete): truth; reality; fact; [e.g.]: “To say the sooth ... | My people are with sickness much enfeebled”. (Shakespeare, “Henry V.”, iii. 6. 151); “Found ye all your knights return’d, | Or was there sooth in Arthur’s prophecy?” (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “Holy Grail”); 2†. soothsaying; prognostication; [e.g.]: “’Tis inconvenient, mighty Potentate, ... | To scorne the sooth of science [astrology] with contempt”. (Robert Greene, “James IV.”, L. 1); “The soothe of byrdes by beating of their winges”. (Edmund Spenser, “The Shepheardes Calender”, December); 3†. cajolery; fair speech; blandishment; [e.g.]: “That e’er this tongue of mine, | That laid the sentence of dread banishment | On yon proud man, should take it off again | With words of sooth!” (Shakespeare, “Richard II.”, iii. 3. 136); “With a sooth or two more I had effected it. | They would have set it down under their hands”. (Ben Jonson, “Epicone”, v. 1); for sooth: see forsooth; in good sooth: in good truth; in reality; [e.g.]: “Rude, in sooth: in good sooth, very rude”. (Shakespeare, “Troilus and Cressida”, iii. 1. 60); in sooth: in truth; in fact; indeed; truly; [e.g.]: “In sothe too me the matire queynte is; | For as too hem i toke none hede”. (“Political Poems”, etc.; ed. Furnivall, p. 50); “In sooth, I know not why I am so sad; | It wearies me”. (Shakespeare, “Merchant of Venice”, i. 10). [early modern English also soothe; from Middle English sooth, sothe, soth, from Anglo-Saxon sōth, ‘the truth’, from soth, ‘true’; see sooth, adjective]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• sooth (adj.): 1. being in accordance with truth; conformed to fact; true; real (Scotch, archaic or obsolete, in this and the following use); [e.g.]: “God wot, thing is never the lasse sooth,| Thogh every wight ne may hit nat ysee”. (Geoffrey Chaucer, “Good Women”, 1. 14); “If thou speak’st false, | Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, | Till famine cling thee; if thy speech be sooth, | I care not if thou dost for me as much”. (Shakespeare, “Macbeth”, v. 5. 40); 2. truthful; trustworthy; reliable; [e.g.]: “The soothest shepherd that e’er piped on plains”. (John Milton, “Comus”, 1. 823); “A destined errant-knight I come, | Announced by prophet sooth and old”. (Sir Walter Scott, “The Lady of the Lake”, i. 24); 3. (rare): soothing; agreeable; pleasing; delicious; [e.g.]: “Jellies soother than the creamy curd, | And lucent syrops, tinct with cinnamon”. (John Keats, 1795-1821, “Eve of St. Agnes”, xxx). [from Middle English sooth, soth, sothe, from Anglo-Saxon soth = Old Saxon soth, suoth, suot = Icelandic sannr (for *santhr) Swedish sann = Danish sand, Gothic *suths (in derivative suthjan, suthjān, ‘soothe’; cf. sunjeins, ‘true’, sunja, ‘truth’) Sanskrit sat (for *sant), ‘true’ (cf. satya, for *santya, ‘true’, Greek ετεός, ‘true’), Latin (sen(t-)s, ‘being’, in præsen(t-)s, ‘being before’, ‘present’, absen(t-)s, ‘being away’, ‘absent’; later, en(t-)s, ‘being’ (see ens, entity); originally ppr. of the verb represented by Latin esse, Greek ειναι, Sanskrit √as, ‘be’ (3d pers. pl. Anglo-Saxon synd = German sind = Latin sunt = Sanskrit santi): see am (‘are’, ‘is’), sin¹, etc.; from the Latin form are ultimately English ens, entity, essence, etc., present, absent, etc.; from the Greek, etymon, etc.; from the Sanskrit, suttee]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• sooth (adv.): 1†. truly; truthfully; [e.g.]: “He that seith most sothest sonnest ys y-blamed”. (Piers Plowman; C, iv. 439); 2. in sooth; indeed: often used interjectionally; [e.g.]: “Yes, sooth; and so do you”. (Shakespeare, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, iii. 2. 265); “He points her to the sleeping Mogg: | ‘What shall be done with yonder dog? | The captain is dead, and revenge is thine,—| The deed is signed and the land is mine; | And this drunken fool is of use no more, | Save as thy hopeful bridegroom, and sooth, | ’Twere Christian mercy to finish him, Ruth, | Now, while he lies like a beast on our floor”. (John Greenleaf Whittier, “Mogg Megone”, 1). [from Middle English sothe; from sooth, adjective]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• sooth (v.): see soothe. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothe (v.; pret. and pp. soothed, ppr. soothing): I. (tr.v.): 1†. to prove true; verify; confirm as truth; [e.g.]: “Ich hit wulle sothien | Ase ich hit bi write suggen”. (Layamon’s Brut (NB.: 1157-1199; West Midlands dialect of Middle English), 1, 8491); “Then must I sooth it, what euer it is; | For what he sayth or doth can not be amisse”. (Udall, “Roister Doister”, i. 1); “This affirmation of the archbishop, being greatlie soothed out with his craftie vtterance,... confirmed by the French freends”. (William Harrison, 1535-1593, “The Description of England”, 1577, ii. 1; ‘Holinshed’s Chronicles’, I.); 2†. to confirm the statements of; maintain the truthfulness of (a person); bear out; [e.g.]: “Sooth me in all I say; | There’s a main end in it”. (Philip Massinger, “The Duke of Milan”, 1623, v. 2); 3†. to assent to; yield to; humour by agreement or concession; [e.g.]: “Sooth, to flatter immoderatelie, or hold vp one in his talke, and affirme it to be true which he speaketh”. (John Baret, 1533-1580, “An Alvearie”, 1574; Skeat, p. 282, 1. 14); “Is’t good to soothe him in these contraries?” (Shakespeare, “The Comedy of Errors”, iv. 4. 82); “I am of the Number of those that had rather commend the Virtue of an Enemy than sooth the Vices of a Friend”. (James Howell, 1596-1666, “Letters”, to Captain Thomas, I. v. 11); 4. To keep in good humour; wheedle; cajole; flatter; [e.g.]: “An envious wretch, | That glitters only to his soothed self”. (Ben Jonson, “Cynthia’s Revels”, v. 3); “They may build castles in the air for a time, and sooth up themselves with phantastical and pleasant humours”. (Robert Burton, “The Anatomy of Melancholy”, p. 153); “Our government is soothed with a reservation in its favour”. (Edmund Burke, “Reflections on the Revolution in France”); 5. to restore to ease, comfort, or tranquillity; relieve; calm; quiet; refresh; [e.g.]: “Satan... | At length, collecting all his serpent wiles, | With soothing words renew’d him thus accosts”. (John Milton, “Paradise Regained”, iii. 6); “Music has charms to sooth a savage breast”. (William Congreve, Mourning Bride, 1697; ed. 1710), i. 1); “A cloud may soothe the eye made blind by blaze”. (Robert Browning, “The Ring and The Book”, II. 217); “It may be my lord is weary, that his brain is overwrought; | Soothe him with thy finer fancies, touch him with thy lighter thought”. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “Locksley Hall”); 6. to allay; assuage; mitigate; soften; [e.g.]: “Still there is room for pity to abate | And soothe the sorrows of so sad a state”. (William Cowper, “Charity”, 1. 199); “I will watch thee, tend thee, soothe thy pain”. (Matthew Arnold, “Tristram and Iseult”, 1852, ii); 7. (rare): to smooth over; render less obnoxious; [e.g.]: “What! has your king married the Lady Grey? | And now, to soothe your forgery and his, | Sends me a paper to persuade me patience?” (Shakespeare, “3 Henry VI.”, iii. 3. 175); (synonyms): 5 and 6.; to compose, tranquilise, pacify, ease, alleviate; II, (intr.v.): 1†. to temporise by assent, concession, flattery, or cajolery; [e.g.]: “Else would not soothing glossers oil the son, | Who, while his father liv’d, his acts did hate”. (Thomas Middleton, “Father Hubbard’s Tales”, 1604); 2. to have a comforting or tranquillising influence; [e.g.]: “O for thy voice to soothe or bless!” (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “In Memoriam A.H.H.”, 1850, lvi). [also sooth; from Middle English sothien, isothien, ‘confirm’, ‘verify’, from Anglo-Saxon ge-sōthian, ‘prove to be true’, ‘confirm’ (cf. gesōth, ‘a parasite’, ‘flatterer’, in a gloss) (= Icelandic, Swedish sanna = Danish sande, ‘verify’, Gothic suthjan, suthjōn, ‘soothe’), from sōth, ‘true’; see sooth, adjective]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothfast (adj.; archaic or obsolete in all uses): 1. truthful; veracious; honest; [e.g.]: “We witen that thou art sothfast, and reckist not of ony man, but thou techist the weie of God in treuthe”. (John Wycliffe, 1330-1384, Mark xii. 14); “Edie was ken’d to me... for a true, loyal, and sooth fast man”. (Sir Walter Scott, “The Antiquary”, xxv); 2. true; veritable; worthy of belief; [e.g.]: “ȝif (=if) thou woldest leue on him | That on the rode dide thi kyn, | That he is sothefast Godes sone”. (“King Horn”; E. E. T. S., p. 93); “It was a southfast sentence long ago | That hastye men shal never lacke much woe”. (Mirr. Mag. (i.e., “Mirour for Magistrates”, reprinted in the Brit. Bibl. vol. iv; Brit. Bibl. = British Bibliographer, by Sir Egerton Brydges, 1810), p. 464; Robert Nares); 3. veritable; certain; real; [e.g.]: “Ye [Love] holden regne and hous in unitee, | Ye sothfast cause of frendshipe ben also”. (Geoffrey Chaucer, “Troilus and Criseyde”, iii. 30); 4. faithful; loyal; steadfast; [e.g.]: “Thus manie yeares were spent with good and sooth fast life, | ’Twixt Arhundle that worthie knight and his approued wife”. (George Turberville, “Upon the Death of Elizabeth Arhundle” (=Dame Elizabeth Arhundle of Cornewall); Richardson). [formerly also, erroneously, southfast; from Middle English sothfast, sothfest,
from Anglo-Saxon sōthfæst,
from sōth, ‘sooth’, ‘true’ + fæst,
‘fast’, ‘firm’; cf. steadfast, shamefast]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothfastly (adv.; archaic or obsolete): truly; in or with truth (Ormulum; i.e., a twelfth-century biblical exegesis, 1. 2995); [e.g.]: “But, if I were to come, wad ye really and soothfastly pay me the siller?” (Sir Walter Scott, “Rob Roy”, 1817, xxiii). [from Middle English, sothfastlike; from soothfast + -ly²]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothfastness (n.; archaic or obsolete): the property or character of being soothfast or true; truth. (Geoffrey Chaucer, “Troilus and Criseyde”, iv. 1080). [from Middle English sothfastnesse, from Anglo-Saxon, sōthfæstnes, from sothfæst, ‘true’; see soothfast and -ness]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothful† (adj.): soothfast; true; [e.g.]: “He may do no thynk bot ryȝt, | As Mathew melez [says] in your messe, | In sothful gospel of God al-myȝt”. (“Alliterative Poems”, 1864; edited Rev. Dr. Richard Morris), 1. 497). [from Middle English sothful; from sooth + -ful]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothfully† (adv.): truly; verily; indeed. (“Ayenbite of Inwyt” a.k.a. ‘The Bite of Conscience’; E. E. T. S., p. 133). [from Middle English soothfully (Kentish zothrolliche); from soothful + -ly²]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothhead† (n.): soothness; truth. (“Ayenbite of Inwyt” a.k.a. ‘The Bite of Conscience’; E. E. T. S., p. 103). [from Middle English sothhede (Kentish zothhede); from sooth + -head]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothly† (adj.): true; [e.g.]: “Dear was the kindlie love which [dairy-maide] Kathrin bore | This crooked ronion [=a mangy or scabby creature], for in soothly guise | She was her genius and her counsellor: | Now cleanly milking-pails in careful wise | Bedeck each room, and much can she despise”. (William Julius Mickle, “Syr Martyn: A Poem, in the Manner of Spenser”, i. 46). [from sooth + -ly¹]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothly (adv.; archaic or obsolete in both uses): 1. in a truthful manner; with truth. (“Ayenbite of Inwyt” a.k.a. ‘The Bite of Conscience’; E. E. T. S., p. 74); [e.g.]: “Then view St. David’s ruin’d pile; | And, home-returning, soothly swear, | Was never scene so sad and fair!” (Sir Walter Scott, “The Lay of the Last Minstrel”, ii. 1); 2. in truth; as a matter of fact; indeed; [e.g.]: “I nam no goddesse, soothly, quod she tho”. (Geoffrey Chaucer, “Good Women”, l. 988); “Ne soothlich is it easie for to read | Where now on earth, or how, he may be found”. (Edmund Spenser, “Fairie Queene”, III. ii. 14). [from Middle English soothly, sothly, sothely, sothlich, sothliche, from Anglo-Saxon sōthlice, ‘truly’, ‘verily’, ‘indeed’, from sōth, ‘true’: see sooth]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothness† (n.): the state or property of being true; (a) conformity with fact; [e.g.]: “I woot wel that God makere and mayster is governor of his werk, ne never nas yit daye that mihte put me owt of the sothnesse of that sentence”. (Geoffrey Chaucer, “Boëthius”, i. prose 6); (b) truthfulness; faithfulness; righteousness; [e.g.]: “Gregorie wist this well and wilned to my soule | Sauacioun, for sothenease that he seigh in my werkes”. (Piers Plowman; B xi. 142); (c) reality; earnest; [e.g.]: “Seistow this to me | In sothnesse, or in dreem I herkne this?” (Geoffrey Chaucer, “Second Nun’s Tale”, 1. 261). [from Middle English sothnesse, sothenesse; from sooth + -ness]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• sooth-saw† (n.): a true saying; truth; [e.g.]: “Of Loves folke mo tydinges, | Both sothe-sauces and lesynges”. (Geoffrey Chaucer, “House of Fame”, 1. 676). [from Middle English sothesawe, sothsaȝe (= Icelandic sannsaga), ‘truth-telling’, ‘sooth-saying’ (cf. Middle English sothsawel, sothsaȝel, adjective, ‘truth-telling’), from Anglo-Saxon sōth, ‘truth’, ‘sooth’ + saga, ‘saying’, ‘saw’; see sooth and saw²; cf. soothsay, noun]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothsayer (n.): 1. one who tells the truth: a truthful person; [e.g.]: “The sothaier tho was lefe, | Which wolde nought the trouthe spare”. (John Gower, “Confessio Amantis” a.k.a. ‘The Lover’s Confession’, 1390, III. 164); 2. one who prognosticates; a diviner: generally used of a pretender to prophetic powers; [e.g.]: “A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March”. (Shakespeare, “Julius Caesar”, i. 2. 19); 3. a mantis or rearhorse; see cut under Mantidæ; also called camel-cricket, praying-mantis, devil’s horse, devil’s race-horse, etc.; (synonyms): 2. seer, etc.; see prophet. [formerly also, erroneously, southsayer; from Middle English sothsaier (Kentish zothziggere); from sooth + sayer¹]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).
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• soothsaying (n.): 1†. a true saying; truth; 2. a foretelling; a prediction; especially, the prognostication of a diviner; also, the art or occupation of divination; [e.g.]: “Divinations, and soothsayings, and dreams are vain”. (Ecclus. xxxiv. 5); “And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying”. (Acts xvi. 16); (synonym): 2. see prophet. [from sooth + saying; in part verbal noun of soothsay, verb]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).


Sophisma:

sophisma’: [f. Latin f. Greek]: clever device, trick. (Oxford Dictionary).


Sophisticated (Antonyms):

 • ‘naïve: (antonym) sophisticated’. (MsOffice Thesaurus).

Sophisticated (Antonyms):

 • ‘simplistic: (antonym) sophisticated’. (MsOffice Thesaurus).


Sound Wave:

sound wave: a longitudinal pressure wave in an elastic medium, esp. one that propagates audible sound. (Oxford Dictionary).


Spermatozoa

• spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa): a mature male germ cell, the specific output of the testes, which fertilises the mature ovum (secondary oocyte) in sexual reproduction. It is microscopic in size, looks like a translucent tadpole, and has a flat elliptical head containing a spherical centre section, and a long tail by which it propels itself with a vigorous lashing movement. Spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes whereas semen is produced in the seminal vesicles, which are located in the pelvis anterior to the prostate gland. The developmental stages of the germ cell are the spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, and finally spermatozoon. When mature, the spermatozoa are carried in the semen. At the climax of coitus, the semen is discharged into the vagina of the female. A single discharge (about a teaspoonful of semen on the average) may contain more than two-hundred-and-fifty million spermatozoa. Only a few of these will travel as far as the fallopian tubes; if an ovum is present there, and if the head of a single sperm penetrates the ovum, fertilisation takes place (the human ovum is about one-hundreth of an inch, or one-hundred-and-forty microns, in diameter, which is some fifty-thousand times larger than the human spermatozoa); (adj.): spermatozoal. ~ (Miller-Keane Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health).

• ovum (pl. ova): the female reproductive or germ cell has a haploid genetic complement (twenty-two somatic chromosomes and one x-chromosome) which after fertilisation is capable of developing into a new member of the same species; called also egg. The term is sometimes applied to any stage of the fertilised germ cell during cleavage and even until hatching or birth of the new individual. The human ovum consists of protoplasm which contains some yolk, enclosed by a cell wall consisting of two layers, an outer one (zona pellucida) and an inner, thin one (vitelline membrane). There is a large nucleus (germinal vesicle) within which is a nucleolus (germinal spot). When fertilised by a spermatozoa, a gamete or zygote is capable of developing into a new individual of the same species; during maturation, the oocyte, like the spermatozoa, undergoes a halving of its chromosomal complement so that, at its union with the male gamete, the species number of chromosomes (forty-six in humans) is maintained; (adj.): ovular. ~ (Miller-Keane Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health).

• To summarise: for all bipartitely-sexual animals, procreation takes place when the haploid male gamete (spermatozoa) successfully fuses with the haploid female gamete (ovum), thereby restoring two full sets of chromosomes in a new organism⁽*⁾, via that specific act of sexual fecundation (a.k.a. insemination, impregnation, fertilisation).

⁽*⁾haploid & diploid cells: “...most cells have two full sets of chromosomes and are technically called diploid cells; when such a cell divides, it must first duplicate its chromosomes so as to produce two daughter cells that are also diploid; this type of cell division is called mitosis, and all somatic cells—that is, cells used for the maintenance, functioning, and growth of an organism—reproduce in this way; by contrast, reproductive cells, or gametes, are created by another kind of cell division, called meiosis; meiosis also starts out by duplicating the chromosomes, but there are two divisions instead of one, with the result that four daughter cells are produced rather than two; since the number of chromosomes is halved with each division, each daughter cell has just a single set of chromosomes and is called a haploid cell; *during reproduction, the union of a female gamete with a male gamete restores the two full sets of chromosomes in a new organism*...”. [emphasis added]. ~ (based on the American Heritage Student Science Dictionary).

• Incidentally, both artificial insemination and invitro fertilisation mimic that sexually instinctive male-female procreational process.


Spiel:

spiel: talk, a story; a glib speech, esp. one intended to persuade or impress; a salesperson’s patter. (Oxford Dictionary).


Spontaneous; Spontaneity:

spontaneous: performed or occurring without external cause or stimulus; having a self-contained cause or origin; unpremeditated and uninhibited; coming naturally or freely, gracefully natural and unconstrained; prompted by no motive; involuntary, not due to conscious volition. (adapted from Oxford Dictionary)


Sri/ Nath: 

• Sri (Romanised: Śrī) is a Sanskrit term denoting resplendence, wealth and prosperity, primarily used as an honorific. (...). Sri is frequently used as an epithet of some Hindu gods, in which case it is *often translated into English as “Holy”*. Sri, if used by itself and not followed by any name, refers to the supreme consciousness, i.e. God. Sri is one of the names of Ganesha, the Hindu god of prosperity. Sri is also used as a title of the Hindu deities Rāma, Krishna, Saraswati and sometimes Durgā. [emphasis added]. ~ (2023 Wikipedia Encyclopaedia).

• Nath: the Sanskrit word nātha *literally means “Lord”*⁽⁰¹⁾, “protector”, “master”. The related Sanskrit term Adi Natha means first or original Lord, and is a synonym for Shiva⁽⁰²⁾, the founder of the Nāthas. [emphasis added]. ~ (2023 Wikipedia Encyclopaedia).

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⁽⁰¹⁾Jagan-nātha, m. ‘world-lord’, Vishṇu or Kṛishṇa; (...): na-nātha, mfn. protectorless, without a lord or guardian.
~ (pp. 408 & 541, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Monier Monier-Williams; 2005, Motilal Banarsidass).

_________
⁽⁰²⁾Shankar = Shiva in his peaceful, gentle form. Bolanath (Hindi, bhola = simple, innocent, dumb; *nath = lord*, protector) is an aspect of Shiva who is uncomplicated, who cannot say no, and who fulfills every wish of his devotees.
[emphasis added]. ~ (p. 373, footnote for page 258, Chapter Five: ‘Shankar, The Yogi on the Mountain’, in “Shiva: The Wild God of Power and Ecstasy”, by Wolf-Dieter Storl; 2004, Inner Traditions).


Statism:

statism (n.): the practice or doctrine of giving a centralised government control over economic planning and policy; (adj. & n.): statist. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).


Straw-man:

straw-man (n.): a weak or sham argument set up to be easily refuted. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).

A straw man (sometimes written as "strawman") is a form of argument and an informal fallacy of having the impression of refuting an argument, whereas the proper idea of argument under discussion was not addressed or properly refuted. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man". The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having completely refuted or defeated an opponent’s proposition through the covert replacement of it with a different proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man") instead of the opponent’s proposition. Straw man arguments have been used throughout history in polemical debate, particularly regarding highly charged emotional subjects. Straw man tactics in the United Kingdom may also be known as an "Aunt Sally", after a pub game of the same name, where patrons throw sticks or battens at a post to knock off a skittle balanced on top.

The straw man fallacy occurs in the following pattern of argument:

• Person 1 asserts proposition X.

• Person 2 argues against a superficially similar proposition Y, falsely, as if an argument against Y were an argument against X.

This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position. For example:

• Quoting an opponent’s words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations which misrepresent the opponent’s intentions (see "fallacy of quoting out of context").

• Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as the defender, then denying this person’s arguments—thus giving the appearance that every upholder of such a position (and thus the position itself) has been defeated.

• Oversimplifying an opponent’s argument, then attacking this oversimplified version.

• Exaggerating (sometimes grossly exaggerating) an opponent’s argument, then attacking this exaggerated version.

Examples: Straw man arguments often arise in public debates such as a (hypothetical) prohibition debate:

• A: "We should relax the laws on beer".

• B: "No, any society with unrestricted access to intoxicants loses its work ethic and goes only for immediate gratification".

The original proposal was to relax laws on beer. Person B has misconstrued and/or misrepresented this proposal by responding to it as if it had been "unrestricted access to intoxicants". It is a logical fallacy because Person A never advocated allowing said unrestricted access to intoxicants (this is also a "slippery slope" argument). ~ (2012 Wikipedia Encyclopaedia).


Streetful

streetful (n.): the amount of people or things a street can hold. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).


Sterling:

sterling (adj.): of the highest quality; (synonyms): excellent, sound, fine, first-class, superlative; [e.g.]: “his years \ of sterling service”; “a person of sterling character”. ~ (Collins English Thesaurus).


Stuff Up:

• ‘stuff (something) up: to do something badly, or to make a mistake; [as in] ‘I really stuffed that exam up’. (Cambridge Dictionary).

• ‘stuff up: to blunder; fail’. (Macquarie Dictionary).

• ‘stuff up: mess up; to make a mess of something’. (Encarta Dictionary).


Sublimation:

sublimation: the transformation of an instinctual drive, esp. the sexual impulse, so that it manifests in a socially acceptable way. (Oxford Dictionary).


Superbia

superbia (n.): unreasonable and inordinate self-esteem (personified as one of the deadly sins). ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).


Supposititous:

supposititious (adj.): fraudulently substituted or pretended; spurious; not genuine. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• supposititious or suppositious (adj.): 1. substituted with fraudulent intent; spurious; 2. hypothetical; supposed; (adv.): supposititiously; (n.): supposititiousness. [from Latin suppositīcius, from suppositus, past participle of suppōnere, ‘to substitute’; from Latin, ‘to put under’: sub-, ‘sub-’ + pōnere, ‘to place’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• supposititious (adj.): 1. fraudulently or deceptively imitative: bogus, counterfeit, fake, false, fraudulent, phoney, sham, spurious, suppositious; 2. presumed to be true, real, or genuine, especially on inconclusive grounds: conjectural, hypothetic, hypothetical, inferential, presumptive, supposed, suppositional, suppositious, suppositive. ~ (American Heritage Roget’s Thesaurus).


Substantivise

substantivise (vb.tr.; pp *substantivised*; pres. cont. substantivising): to make (a word other than a noun) play the grammatical role of a noun in a sentence; [e.g.]: “the homeless; the rich; the dead”; (n.): substantivisation. [emphasis added]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).


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