• girdle (n.): a band made around the trunk of a tree by the removal of a strip of bark; (tr.v.; girdled, girdling, girdles): to remove a band of bark and cambium from the circumference of (a tree), usually in order to kill it; see ring-barking, bark-ringing. [Middle English girdel, from Old English gyrdel]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• girdling, also called ring-barking, is the complete removal of the bark—consisting of the phellogen layer (aka cork cambium), the cambian layer, and the phloem layer (aka bast), and sometimes going into the xylem (the mineral salts-conducting and water-circulating vascular tissue)—from around the entire circumference of either the trunk or a branch of a woody plant; ring-barking results in the death of the area above the girdle over time; a branch completely girdled will fail and when the main trunk of a tree is girdled, the entire tree will die, if it cannot regrow sufficient to bridge the wound; foresters use the practice of girdling to thin forests and animals such as rodents will girdle trees by feeding on outer bark, often during winter under snow; ring-barking can also be caused by herbivorous mammals feeding on plant bark and by birds and insects, both of which can effectively girdle a tree by boring rows of adjacent holes. [word history: the practice of ring-barking has been known in Europe for some time; another example is the girdling of selective Douglas-fir trees in some Northern California oak woodlands in order to prevent those firs from massive invasion of the mixed oak woodland]. ~ (2023 Wikipedia Encyclopaedia).

given (n.): an established fact, condition, factor, etc. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• gladsomely (adv.): with joy; with pleasure of mind. ~ (Webster’s 1828 Dictionary).

• gladsomely (adv.; archaic): gladly (viz.: 1. in a glad manner; happily; 2. willingly; certainly; “Would you like a beer?” “Gladly, thank you”); [e.g.]: “The Advent bells are ringing in many parishes throughout various parts of England during this month of December, if I may judge from my own neighbourhood—on the western borders of Berks—where, at least three times in the week, I hear their merry peals break gladsomely upon the dark stillness of these cold evenings, from many a steeple around”. (from “Notes and Queries”, by Various, No. 08; December 22, 1849); “But she was dressed in breeches and a slouch hat, a cigarette hung from the corner of her mouth, and she beckoned April gladsomely with an immense cowthong whip”. (from “Blue Aloes; Stories of South Africa”, Cynthia Stockley; 1919). [etymology: from gladsome +‎ -ly]. ~ (Word-Sense Online Dictionary).

• gladsomely (adv.): joyfully or cheerfully; in a gladsome way (viz.: giving or causing joy; delightful); [e.g.]: “A jolly group of songsters gladsomely carolling in the city’s historic district”. ~ (Farlex Partner Dictionary).

• gladsomely (adv.): in a gladsome manner; with joy; with pleasure (John Wycliffe, 1328-1384); (lexicographer’s notes): gladsomely is less often used of a weak feeling than gladly; it generally stands for a feeling which is strong but tranquil, and showing itself chiefly in the face; hence it is often used poetically of certain aspects of nature; joyfully is more vivid and demonstrative; this distinction between gladsomely and joyfully is abundantly illustrated in biblical passages; pleasurably is the most general of these words, representing all degrees of feeling, and harmful indulgence as well as harmless enjoyment; in its primary sense it indicates a feeling less distinctively cheerful than gladsomely and less profound or demonstrative than joyfully, but with much of glow; delightfully is a high degree of pleasure; formerly the word was much used for low pleasure, but it has been redeemed so that it is now rarely used for anything but an ecstatic pleasure on joy; triumphally is often used for joy over success, especially joy in victory⁽*⁾; all these words may express malign feelings, as joy in the adversities of a rival, except gladsomely which, generally, expresses a pure and worthy feeling. [from Middle English gladsumli, from gladsome + -ly]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

⁽*⁾triumphally (adv.): in a triumphal manner (viz.: 1. of, relating to, or being a triumph; 2. celebrating or commemorating a triumph or victory). [etymology: from triumphal +‎ -ly]. ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• gladsome (adj.): 1.; rare): open; clear; [e.g.]: “[Anise] in gladsom ayer | And comyn sowe hem now ther is theire leire”. (Palladius, “Husbondrie”; Early English Text Society), p. 114); 2. glad; joyful; cheerful; [e.g.]: “The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend, | And with unweary’d eyes behold their friend, | Delight to hover near, and long to know | What bus’ness brought him to the realms below”. (John Dryden; 1631-1700, “The Works of Virgil”, translation; ‘The Sixth Book of The Aeneis’); “It [charity] beholdeth him to prosper and flourish, to grow in wealth and repute, not only without envious repining, but with gladsome content”. (Isaac Barrow, “Theological Works”, I. xxii.); 3. making glad; causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness; pleasing; [e.g.]: “Each morn they wak’d me with a sprightly lay; Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day”. (Matthew Prior, 1664-1721, “Poetical Works”, Vol. II.; 1835, ‘Solomon on the Vanity of the World’, Book II: ‘On Pleasure’, p. 124). [from Middle English gladsum, gladsom (= Old Danish gladsom); from glad + -some]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• gladsomeness (n.): the state of being gladsome; joy; pleasure; [e.g.]: “My pastime past, my youthlike yeres are gone; | My monthes of mirth, my glistring days of gladsomeness. | My times of triumph turned into mone, | Unhappy I am unless I find release”. (Vncertaine Auctors, “The Louer Complaineth the Loss of his Lady”, etc., page 593, Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, edited by Rev. Edward Smedley, Rev. Hugh James Rose, Rev. Henry John Rose; Vol. Six; 1845, B. Fellowes, London). [from Middle English gladsumnesse, from gladsome + -ness]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• gladship (n.; rare): gladness; joy; [e.g.]: “Such is the gladship of Envie | In worldes thing, and in partie”. (John Gower, “Confessio Amantis”, ii.). [from Middle English gladshipe, gladschipe, gladscipe, Anglo-Saxon *glædscipe, gledscipe, Old Northern glædscip, ‘joy’, from glæd, ‘glad’ + -scipe, ‘-ship’]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• gladly (adv.): 1. with gladness or pleasure; joyfully; cheerfully; [e.g.]: “Thei drynken gladlyest mannes Blood, the whiche thei clepen Dieu”. (Sir John Mandeville, “Mandeville’s Travels”, p. 195); “For I haue seyn hym in sylke and somme tyme in russet, | Bothe in grey and in grys and in gulte herneys, | And as gladlich he it gaf to gomes that it neded”. (“Piers Plowman”; B, xv. 216); “The common people heard him gladly”. (Mark xii. 37); 2. (rare): by preference; by choice; [e.g.]: “Al this was gladly in the evetyde”. (Geoffery Chaucer, “Good Women”, 1. 770). [from Middle English gladly, gladliche (cf. Icelandic gledhiligr = Old Danish glaedelig, adjective, ‘joyful’), from Anglo-Saxon glædlice, ‘gladly’ (cf. glædlic, ‘bright’, from glæd, ‘glad’; see glad]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• gladly (adv.; gladlier or more gladly, gladliest or most gladly): 1. in a glad manner; happily; [e.g.]: “As a political system democracy seems to me extraordinarily foolish, but I would not go out of my way to protest against it. My servant is, so far as I am concerned, welcome to as many votes as he can get. I would very gladly make mine over to him if I could”. (from Chapter One, in “Gossamer”, George A. Birmingham (pseudonym of James Owen Hannay): 1915, George H. Doran Company, New York, N.Y.); “Find me a job and I’ll gladly go to work”. (page 44, Chapter Four, in “Share House Blues”, Joan Morrison; 1985, Boolarong Publications); 2. willingly; certainly; [e.g.]: “‘Would you like a beer?’–‘Gladly, thank you’”; (derived terms): suffer fools gladly (viz.: as opposed to the ‘nobody’s fool’ expression; to be tolerant of stupidity or incompetence in other people; idiomatic, chiefly in the negative; as in, “for ye suffer fooles gladly” (Cor 11:19; KJV; 1611), and as by George Bernard Shaw (in his Preface to “Pygmalion”; 1912), “he would not suffer fools gladly”). [etymology: from Middle English gladly, gladliche, from Old English glædlīċe, ‘gladly’; equivalent to glad +‎ -ly; cf. Danish glædelig, ‘joyful’, Icelandic gleðilegur, ‘delightful’; more at glad, and -ly]. ~ (Word-Sense Online Dictionary).

Random Literary Samples.

• “But she was dressed in breeches and a slouch hat, a cigarette hung from the corner of her mouth, and she beckoned April *gladsomely* with an immense cowthong whip”. [emphasis added]. ~ (from “Blue Aloes; Stories of South Africa”, Cynthia Stockley; 1919).

Gnome:

‘grand’: (etymology): great, pre-eminent, principal; from Latin ‘grandis’: full-grown, abundant. Oxford Dictionary.

Gratitude (n.): a feeling of thankfulness or appreciation, as for gifts or favours. [C16: from Medieval Latin grātitūdō, from Latin grātus, ‘grateful’].~ (Collins English Dictionary).

gratuitous: uncalled for, unwarranted, unjustifiable; done or acting without a good or assignable reason; motiveless. (Oxford Dictionary).

grossly: excessively; glaringly, flagrantly; to a shocking degree. (Oxford Dictionary

• guerdon (n): a reward or payment; (tr.v.): to give a guerdon to; (n): guerdoner. [C14: from Old French gueredon, of Germanic origin; cf. Old High German widarlōn, Old English witherlēan; final element influenced by Latin dōnum, ‘gift’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• guerdon (n): a reward or payment; (related word): reward (payment made in return for a service rendered). ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).

• guerdon (n): 1. something given in return for a service or accomplishment; (synonyms): accolade, award, honorarium, plum, premium, prize, reward; (idiom): token of appreciation; 2. something justly deserved; (synonyms): comeuppance, due, recompense, reward; (often used in plural): desert, wage; (informal; used in plural): lump; (idioms): what is coming to one, what one has coming; (v.): to bestow a reward on; (synonyms): reward. ~ (The American Heritage Roget’s Thesaurus).

• guerdon (n): reward; requital; recompense; in a good or bad sense; (tr.v.): to reward. ~ (Webster’s 1828 Dictionary).

• guerdon (n): 1. a reward; requital; recompense; used in both a good and a bad sense; [e.g.]: “So young as to regard men’s frown or smile | As loss or guerdon of a glorious lot”. (Byron); “He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once receive the just guerdon of all his former villainies”. (Knolles); (tr.v.): to give guerdon to; to reward; to be a recompense for; [e.g.]: “Him we gave a costly bribe | To guerdon silence”. (Tennyson). ~ (Webster’s 1913 Dictionary).

• guerdon (n): reward; recompense; (tr.v.): guerdon; (adj.): guerdonless (viz.: receiving no guerdon; Middle English gwerdounles, from guerdoun, guerdon + -les, ‘-less’). [etymology: Middle English, from Anglo-French guerdun, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German widarlōn, ‘reward’; first known use: fourteenth century, in the meaning defined above; (word history): the word “guerdon” dates back to the fourteenth century, when Geoffrey Chaucer used it in “The Romaunt of the Rose” (circa 1366): “He quitte him wel his guerdon there”; it derives from Anglo-French and is thought to be related to the Old High German widarlōn, meaning ‘reward’; Shakespeare used “guerdon” a couple of times in his plays; in “Love’s Labour’s Lost”, for example, Berowne, attendant to King Ferdinand, sends the clown Costard to deliver a letter to Rosaline, attendant to the princess of France, handing him a shilling with the line, “There’s thy guerdon; go”; it is a rare word today, but contemporary writers do use it on occasion for poetic effect]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

• guerdon (n): reward, recompense (now only poetic), late fourteenth century, from Old French guerdon, guerredon, ‘reward’, ‘recompense’, ‘payment’, from Medieval Latin widerdonum, from Old High German widarlon, ‘recompense’, from widar, ‘against’, from Proto-Germanic *withro- + lon, ‘reward’, from Proto-Germanic *launam, from PIE *lau-, ‘gain’, ‘profit’; cf. Old English wiðerlean, ‘requital’, ‘compensation’; form influenced in Medieval Latin by Latin donum, ‘gift’; cf. Spanish galardon, Italian guiderone. ~ (Online Etymology Dictionary).

• guerdon (n): a reward; requital; recompense; [e.g.]: “Gifene us gersoms and golde, and gardwynes many”. (from “Morte Arthure”; English Early Text Society, 1. 1729); “For recompence hereof I shall | You well reward, and golden guerdon give”. (Edmund Spenser, “Faerie Queene”, VI. ix. 32); “Death, in guerdon of her wrongs, | Gives her fame which never dies”. (Shakespeare, “Much Ado About Nothing”, v. 3); “To be a knight companion of Spain’s proudest order of chivalry was the guerdon ... which Spain’s monarch promised the murderer, if he should succeed”. (John Lothrop Motley, “Rise of the Dutch Republic”, III. 544). [from Middle English guerdon, guerdoun, gardone, gardwyne, etc., from Old French guerdon, guerredon, guarredon, guierdon, guirdon, werdon, etc. = Provinçal guierdon = Italian guidardone, guiderdone, from Medieval Latin widerdonum, ‘a reward’; ‘an ingenious alteration’, simulating Latin donum, ‘a gift’, of the expected *widerlonum, from Old High German widarlōn (=Anglo-Saxon witherleán), ‘a reward’, from widar (=Anglo-Saxon wither), ‘against’, ‘back again’ (see witherham), + lōn (=Anglo-Saxon leán), ‘reward’]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• guerdon (tr.v.): to give a guerdon to; reward; [e.g.]: “It is good to serue suche a lorde as gardonethe his seruaunt in suche wise”. (from “Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry”, p. 4); “My lord protector will, I doubt it not, | See you well guerdon’d for these good deserts”. (Shakespeare, “2 Henry VI.”, i. 4); “Him we gave a costly bribe | To guerdon silence”. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “The Princess, 1847, i). [from Middle English guerdonen, guerdounen, gardonen, from Old French guerdonner, guerredoner, guerdoner, werdoner, etc. = Provinçal guiardoner = Italian guidardonare, guiderdonare; from the noun]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• guerdonable (adj.): worthy of guerdon or reward; [e.g.]: “Finding it as well guerdonable, as grateful, to publish their libels”. (Sir George Buck, 1560-1622, “The History of the life and reign of Richard III.”, p. 75). [from Old French guerrdonnable, guerredonable, from guerdonner, ‘reward’; see guerdon, verb, and -able]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• guerdonless (adj.): without reward; [e.g.]: “But love alas quyte him so his wage | With cruel daunger pleynly at the laste | That with the dethe guerdonlesse he paste”. (John Lydgate, “Complaint of the Black Knight”, April 4, 1508, 1. 399). [from Middle English guerdonlesse; from guerdon + -less]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

Guru: a (Hindu) spiritual teacher. (Oxford Dictionary)

• gussy (tr.v.; gussied, gussying, gussies; slang): to dress or decorate elaborately; adorn or embellish;
[e.g.]: “gussied herself up in sequins and feathers”.
[origin: perhaps from Australian slang gussie, ‘an effeminate man’, from Gussie, diminutive of the personal name ‘Augustus’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).